Questions about: ! and . and lower case and upper case

1) Does ! have a single general meaning, when it is added
to a command? i.e. Can one make any prediction as to where
a ! may show up and how it may change the behaviour of
the base command?
2) Where and when is . needed as a concatenation operator?
3) Are there any rules about the relationship of lower case
commands and upper case commands, such as: i vs I, d vs D,
visual vs Visual, etc.
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Rostyk

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